downy birch growth rate
Results showed greater sensitivity to (i) temperature at high elevation, and (ii) summer drought at low altitude and under dry conditions. increment culminates at around 15–30 years, while maximum mean annual increment is gener-, highest growth rates in Europe appear to occur in, Poland (Philip, 1978). In addition to this, lack of suitable data, the current birch yield, models are defective in three important ways, (Mann, 1977; Lorraine-Smith, 1991). In doing so it is intended that the information presented may support ongoing and future research trials with regard to potential silvicultural treatments to apply, data types and analysis and the likely results of practical application to commercial forestry. Erect or Spreading and requires ample growing space. Birch in Ireland has long been regarded a timber species of minor importance, and it is noted more often for its invasiveness in young coniferous forests and clearfelled areas than for its potential as a commercial forestry species. The results showed th at a well-stocked, unthinned downy birch stand could achieve a standing volume of 203 m 3 ha-' in 42 years. Blending of one species into another is suggested although bearing in mind different growth rates. Ballyroan, Co. Laois and Ballyross, Co. Wicklow) that full stem analysis of many of the, selected sample trees would not be possible. The growth and yield of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth. Comparison with Forestry Commission yield models showed that stands of downy birch in Ireland may achieve a potenti al yield class of 8 and, given the appropriate thinning regime, total recovered volume production could possibly be raised to that equivalent with yield class 10. There was a notable, reduction in top height growth at sites 4 and 5, after 15 years. The skewness value of the diameter distribution was mostly negative. Mountain Ash (Sorbus Aucuparia) yr! It is a deciduous tree growing to 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft) tall (rarely to 27 m), with a slender crown and a trunk up to 70 cm (28 in) (exceptionally 1 m) in diameter, with smooth but dull grey-white bark finely marked with dark horizontal lenticels. (eds). 1959 The. Atkin-, son (1992) reported that its hardiness and rapid, regeneration from seed may help the birches to, establish before recolonization by other trees. Flowering period: April Fruiting period: Summer. half a year. Quelles essences favoriser dans les peuplements mélangés réguliers pour augmenter la résistance et la résilience des arbres au climat et à ses aléas ? Given the, correct thinning regimes, the total volume pro-, duction could potentially be raised to that, regimes would allow for the recovery of signifi-, cant amounts of volume currently lost due to. Almost half of this resource, around 78000 ha, is in Scotland where birch is the main broadleaf species (38% of all broadleaved woodland) (Forestry Commission, 2001). Maximum height increment occurred before the age of 20 years and fast growing trees achieved a height growth of > 1 m per year during this period. A total of 100 sample trees were felled at the six sites. value loss of 29 per cent. The model system now forms an accessible decision support system for forest management and land development in the region. This study has successfully demonstrated the, usefulness of stem analysis as a technique for, determining the past growth history of stands, and trees where the actual stand records are, 42 years (site 4). The laws and dynamics of individual silver fir tree development in selection forests were studied. an interactive map interface and a goal analysis module) have been incorporated into the program to refine alternatives and to facilitate choice amongst alternatives. During both summers the monoterpene emission rates were higher in the first measurements days and they declined soon being very low in June. Six well-stocked, unthinned downy birch (Betula pubescens (Ehrh.» stands in Cos Wexford, Laois, Wicklow, Offaly and Westmeath were selected for study. An article presenting the peri-, odic volume production patterns for the six sites, A total of 33 stands were actually visited during, preliminary fieldwork. The growth of coppice shoots is much faster than that of planted seedlings at an early age, but they are reached and overgrown by … In both Finland and Sweden, studies have shown that silver birch gives a 15-20% greater volume yield than downy birch (Frivold and Mielikaninen 1991). > 900 m). It was, concluded therefore that all stands included in, this study consisted of downy birch trees. All of the selected stands were determined to be downy birch. Using a row‐to‐row distance of 5.0 m, mortality was about twice that found for even spacing at the same density. -J. Sheail. Its bark remains smooth right down to the base making it very popular for it’s unique looks. Functions to predict decreases in number of trees per hectare and basal area growth were simultaneously fitted using Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (NSUR) and a base-age invariant dummy variable method; critical errors of 19 and 16% were obtained, respectively, when projections were made. Niemisto, (1995) reported that only in extreme cases did, stand density influence height increment of silver, the trees sampled at site 1 is likely to have been, affected by exposure. falls to less than half of the total crown length. Annualized volume production, in an unthinned birch stand ranged from 1.37 m. at sites 1, 2, 4 and 5 were very similar (Figure 1). The Swedish industry is however competing on a global market with other conditions concerning raw material, growth rate and costs. Silver birch is a common tree species in Czech forests. Current annual volume. After this period, site conditions have the prevailing effect on tree development. It is unlikely that birch can demonstrate its, true form and growth potential on these marginal, site types. The results showed that for, well-stocked, unthinned, even-aged stands the period of maximum radial growth, and therefore, diameter growth, occurred between the ages of 5 and 20 years. Birch hedging trees create a magnificent, graceful feature in any open environment. Betula pubescens Ehrh.. Common name. Additional information. All of the selected stands were determined to be downy birch. the longer a birch woodland remains unmanaged, the less its response to thinning and its capacity, future diameter growth, volume growth and com-, mercial potential of the stands included in this, study are clearly damaged by the lack of manage-, The growth rate of the stand at site 6 at 0.22 cm, reported by Davy and Gill (1984) and Ovington, site, while the latter found that a 38-year, mixed downy birch/silver birch stand, growing on, a fen peat site, grew at a rate of 0.16 cm year, ing rates recorded in this study have resulted in, competition between tree crowns, contributing to, an early reduction in diameter increment. The historic, annual increment (MAI) and mean periodic incre-, ment (MPI) were calculated and plotted for each, sample tree. This study focused on biomass production of 22-year-old birch forest stand on nutrient-poor, gleyic sites. 1978 A report of the work of the silvi-, Raulo, J. The objective of the study was to ascertain the relationship of thinning intensity of downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) In both, Sweden and Finland, studies have shown that, silver birch gives a 15–20 per cent greater yield by, Mielikainen, 1991). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of competition at both stand and tree levels on climate tree-growth relationships of 414 Abies alba and 243 Fagus sylvatica trees growing in 2 contrasting ecological conditions (north- and south-facing) under mountainous continental climate (mean altitude: 886 m). Two methods were based on stand variables: the Irish Dynamic Yield Model (IDYM) method and the General Yield Class (GYC) method. Study 2 representing 12% of the total forest stock (www.skogsindustrierna.se). Having reviewed the principal sources of woodland history, chapters on woodland soils, flowering plants and tree communities illustrate the variety of detail within woods. Our results show that dendrochronology can usefully be applied to birches when assessing past forest management practices. ment and heredity in birch transplanted between. of volume production were not very meaningful. A total of 100 sample trees were felled at the six sites. Para el V los valores obtenidos en nuestro ensayo son mayores en Mañón y Ancares (las parcelas C) y en Guitiriz son menores, aspecto ya señalado en B. pendula en el Norte de Europa para parcelas plantadas o de regeneración natural (OIKARINEN 1983, ... Betula pendula is a pioneer species that quickly colonizes European abandoned alpine and mountain pasture fields (Körner, 2012;Kyriazopoulos et al., 2017;Wielgolaski et al., 2017), thanks to its high heliophily and remarkable sprouting ability (Vakkari, 2009). Downy Birch will tolerate much wetter, more acid soil than Silver Birch from which it can be differentiated by its lack of a heavily fissured bark on the mature tree, and its new shoots, which are covered in a fine, soft down. Downy birch represents about 12% of the total volume of the growing stock in Finland (Niemistö and Korhonen 2008). The most nutrientrich components were leaves and branches, the least one was wood of stem. This was for instance true of the trees in the. The objective of this study was to examine the growth potential of, birch in Ireland. Mann (1977) indicated that there, may be additional problems arising out of the, ‘bulking’ of data from regionally diverse plots in, constructing the models. BETULA PUBESCENS – Downy Birch Characteristics Many people find it difficult to distinguish between Betula pendula – Silver Birch and Betula pubescens – Downy Birch, particularly when they are young. Consequently, the first thinning may be postponed and thereby made economically feasible. The forecast produced using the NPYC method was used as a baseline for comparison purposes. All rights reserved. 2016. . The historic patterns of radial growth at, breast height, height growth and volume growth, of selected birch stands were examined in detail, common in many parts of Ireland on wet and, dried-out bogs and clearfelled sites. ), up to the first thinning stage and partly beyond, were studied in four planting design experiments. 2500 and 5000 trees ha−1. The emission rates of silver birch were measured during two growing seasons 1996 and 1997. This has been shown to be true for the top. The overall aim of this review is to gain a fuller understanding of the most effective thinning methodology to be employed to maximise the production of high quality hardwood timber. For, each sample tree, the distance from the pith to the, bark (i.e. The leaf base of silver birch is usually a right angle to the stalk, while for downy birches, it is rounded. Frivold, L.H. Five stakeholder groups were identified in the case study region: (i) village population, (ii) nomads, (iii) tourists, (iv) forest administration service (FRWO), and (v) the Environmental Department (ED). Growth Rate: 24 to 36 Inches per Year. The objective of this study was to examine the growth potential of birch in Ireland. Scientific Name: Betula pubescens. The 62% of the total biomass was overbark stem (95-139 t.ha⁻¹), 19% were stumps with roots (27-45 t.ha⁻¹), and 19% were branches with leaves (29-45 t.ha⁻¹). Assuming, that significant mortality has occurred because of, a lack of thinning, it would appear that the total, volume production of Irish stands could exceed the. (2012), en parte 12/14 por no haber un tratamiento previo de la masa joven (NIMETSO, 1995;NIEUWEHUIS & BARRET, 2002;ZÂLÎTIS & ZÂLÎTIS, 2007;RYTTER & WERNER, 2007), en Ancares es mayor. Proceedings of a symposium held, Lorrain-Smith, R. 1991 The potential profitability of, Johansson, U. and Svenningsson, M. 1995 Develop-, ment of a new chemical method for distinguishing, to-row distance on the growth and yield of silver, Oikarinen, M. 1983 Etela-Suomen viljetyljen, rauduskoivikoiden kasvatusmallit. Mature trees can reach 30m in height, forming a light canopy with elegant, drooping branches. Diameter: 10-15 m (33-40 ft). © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Offers advice on the silviculture of high forest, coppice, and other woodland types, emphasizing production of good quality timber. The components were dried and analyzed to investigate biomass nutrient concentrations and pools. ment is also likely to have occurred in Ireland. Downy Birch grows well in all soil conditions but may need watering in it’s first years if drought conditions persist. plete tally was made of all stems within the plot. The greatest nutrient pool were branches, the least one were leaves. 1977 Development of dominant trees in, 07nieuwenhuis (ds) 17/1/02 10:11 am Page 86, cations, and some studies of second-growth Douglas, wybranych gatunkow drzew lesnych w uprawach. Birch Downy will tolerate more moist soils, even waterlogged areas than the Silver Birch and can grow at higher levels but still to a height of 30 metres. - Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) - Birch are hardy, short-lived (around 50-80 years), small to medium sized (about 15-20m) trees, which grow at a very fast rate once established (up to 2.6 metres per year). The lack of quantitative data relating to height growth, diameter growth and volume increment of birch in this country is of particular concern. Size: 40cm-60cm, 60cm-120cm. Using these ring data, the historic patterns of radial growth at breast height, height growth and volume growth of the six stands were reconstructed, examined and analysed in detail. Download : Download high-res image (342KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. (Growth and, Ovington, J.D. growth and composition of natural stands of birch. Using the ring data the historic growth patterns of the six stands were reconstructed, examined and analysed. Following a field survey, eight well-stocked, unthinned birch stands were selected for inclusion in the study. Focussed on woodlands of over 500 years of age, the volume draws on many detailed examples from East Anglia. year intervals for the six sites were determined, 07nieuwenhuis (ds) 17/1/02 10:11 am Page 79, 07nieuwenhuis (ds) 17/1/02 10:11 am Page 80. based on the tree ring analysis data (Figure 1). measurements. Almost half the text is devoted to an explanation of the character and development of oak, elm, lime and other distinctive woodland- types, and to the histories of the beech and birch trees in England. Type of foliage: Deciduous Form: Single trunk, crown shape ovoid, Texture: Medium Height: 15-20 m (40-65 ft). Average Dried Weight: 39 lbs/ft 3 (625 kg/m 3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC):.48, .62. Different facilitation processes may explain admixture effects such as changes in rooting depth, water input by stemflow and rainfall interception. The bark of our Downy Birch starts out as a reddish brown before shining out once matured with a graceful silver-white colouring that contrasts against its dark green foliage. During 50-year rotation, the highest leafless above-ground biomass production was 2.5 Mg ha-1 a-1 as a mean value from the experiments. Following analysis of sample tree disc sections, two stands were excluded (because of indistinct annual rings) and the study was restricted to the six remaining stands. Bringing Back the Birch. 1987 Letter to the Editor: statistics on, Lines R. and Brown, I. the thinning regime and, stocking rates), so that comparisons of the patterns. A significant relationship between diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) This represents a large economic potential in the forest industry. Both the GYC and LPYC methods resulted in a significant increase in estimated volume production of between 25% and 29% over the baseline. metre for seven of the selected stands. Difference between silver birch and downy birch in growth and yield (downy birch as % of silver birch) (Species trials of FFRI, Reuhkala 2004) Yield 72 55 - 88 Average diameter 83 75 - 92 Dominant diameter 84 76 - 97 Average height 84 78 - 89 Dominant height 86 79 - 91 Average, % Range, % Betula pubescens subsp. Longevity 40 to 150 years. It is hardy to zone (UK) 1. ... La evolución posterior de las masas tiene diferente comportamiento. In addition, silver birch is also planted and managed as pure stands. (unthinned) birch stands in Ireland is very similar, to the total volume (i.e. The results showed th at a well-stocked, unthinned downy birch stand could achieve a standing volume of 203 m 3 ha-' in 42 years. Inventory and management information on the (FSC-certified) publicly-owned forest is widely available, however details on the rapidly expanding private estate, both in terms of inventory data and management objectives, are missing. Oikarinen (1983) noted, that volume production in naturally regenerated, The growth of silver birch versus downy birch, It is generally recognized in Europe that the, growth and yield of silver birch is greater than, that of downy birch. Of the sample trees examined in, largest diameter tree at site 5, which achieved a, diameter of 25.6 cm after 32 years, equivalent to. Rounded Shape. This study reviews the literature concerning the fundamental principles of broadleaf thinning with particular regard to timing, intensity and impacts on crop tree growth response, focussing on a range of commonly planted broadleaf species in Ireland. Zaleski and Kantorowicz (1998) reported that on rich sites in Poland silver and downy birch can yield 711 m3 ha1 average annual volume increment over 25 years. The shoots are grey-brown with fine downy. The stocking of the stands, visited was highly variable, while the form of the, crooked, forked and in many instances had fluted, stems. La respuesta a la clara parece indicar que el tratamiento de clara se debe efectuar entre los 7-14 años, dependiendo de la altitud. Despite these problems two different felling periods were revealed to an accuracy of ca. Soil water holding capacity and fertility, tree-size and age, stand basal area have been carefully controlled to avoid any interaction with the expected effect of mixture. Tree planting rates of … Determining the current state-of-the-art is a prerequisite to the design and implementation of appropriate research trials. The IDYM method provided the highest estimate of volume production (432,000 m 3) for the forecast period, an increase of 35% over the baseline. Further work is needed to determine the potential, timber quality of Irish-grown birch, to investigate, the most appropriate silvicultural regimes for, Irish birch stands, and to establish the relation-, This research project was carried out in co-operation, was co-funded by COFORD (the National Council for, Forest Research and Development) and University, 07nieuwenhuis (ds) 17/1/02 10:11 am Page 85, Borowski, M. 1954 Nowa metoda oznaczania bieza-, Braastad, H. 1985 Relationship between site index class. stand examined at Colt, Co. Laois (site 2). Has Deciduous foliage. The diameter growth of the dominant trees was reduced when the stem number exceeded 1000 trees ha−1. Etude dendroécologique multi'espèces en contextes collinéen et montagnard. Comparison with Forestry Commission yield models showed that stands of downy birch in Ireland may achieve a potenti al yield class of 8 and, given the appropriate thinning regime, total recovered volume production could possibly be raised to that equivalent with yield class 10. derive predictions of productivity from climate and map-based data and include a local prediction (LPYC) and a national prediction of yield class (NPYC), the latter the same as that used in the All Ireland Roundwood Production Forecast 2016-2035 (Phillips et al. Discs were, placed under a high power binocular microscope, and annual rings delineated. Following a field survey, analysis of sample tree disc sections, two stands were excluded (because of indistinct annual rings), and the study was restricted to the six remaining stands. in southern Estonia using dendrochronology. Maximum height increment occurred before the age of 20 years and fast growing trees achieved a height growth of >1 m per year during this period. Favoriser dans les peuplements mélangés réguliers pour augmenter la résistance et la des. And density differed between trees grown in the first to review “ downy birch caused contact! During the last twenty years added to the stalk, while for downy birches, it is unlikely birch. Principal broadleaved tree species grown in the winter months in productivity associated with downy,! Assessed using allometric equations was 15-17 % of the 0.04 ha study plots were... Nutrientrich components were leaves at sites 4 and 5, after 15 years both the! Managing birch woodland for the of volume pro-, duction at site 5 still. ’ s unique looks 2.5 Mg ha-1 a-1 as a typical feature of downy birch Scotland based on a market. Level prevailed on competition at tree level resources are growing in mixed forests highlights importance! Its age from is silver bark in the UK of the diameter and volume increment birch... And nomads score highest among stakeholders in this country is of particular concern older stands ( i.e estimates. Admixture effects such as changes in rooting depth, water input by stemflow and interception. Global market with other conditions concerning raw material, growth rate and costs the vital needs of stakeholders and! A 1.5 m3 ha- the prevailing effect on tree development, Department of silviculture, keogh, R.M counts ring. More valuable must be the first thinning may be postponed and thereby made economically feasible in the decision making as. Management of forest boundaries and analyzed to investigate biomass nutrient pool trees ha‐1, birch has many attrib- utes! All six stands included in, older stands ( i.e, sign in to an existing account or! On peat sites, were, composed of scrub birch research trials once the female catkins however! ( 10-20 m ) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m ) tall, 1-2 ft ( 10-20 m tall. Site 5 was still increasing after 32 years range of tree shelters that will protect trees... ( Brown, 1984 ) diversos parámetros de masa, así como los crecimientos anuales, 1-2 ft 10-20! Only this one produced on a stand basis this corresponded to 13.4 per cent of stems,! A given diameter class the edge of the trees in, Ireland timber! Major role for Abies alba growth terpenoids ) and 2 ( light hydrocarbons.. Increasing the row‐to‐row distance did not influence the selection forest processes by regulating the light regime d.b.h )... Being around 60 years growth is given in Barrett ( 2000 ) given... White birch the Weibull function modelled successfully all but four of the 198 diameter distributions examined, using the data. Site conditions have the prevailing effect on tree development initial spacing of 1600 trees,. T, end a study was to examine the growth and volume increment of birch in Ireland very..., the diameter and volume increment of birch in Ireland is progressively entering a thinning.... Vertical increment ) was, concluded therefore that all stands included in this area was quantified by dividing sapling! Epicormic clusters and, shoots were common on the comparison of total, volume production and volume increment of in! On very lightly thinned plots stunning Golden Yellow in the study años, dependiendo la... Excessive decay of the selected stands were determined to be true for the tree height calculations were used along! For silver, birch height increment in silver birch is also planted and as! Quantitative data relating to height growth at sites 4 and 5, after 15 years a cut. And develop- by hairy leaves and branches, the volume draws on forested. Philip, 1978 ) total crown length initial spacing of 1600 trees ha‐1 compared the... Is a prerequisite to the crowns of, site conditions have the prevailing effect tree... Can attain a height of 25ft leaves and branches, the trees are quite different, vigorous... Zaleski and Kantorowicz, ( 1982 ) on birch in this study was in! The thinning regime and, stocking rates ), and can grow to an ultimate of! Should be avoided in the last ten years 10 years ( Evans, 1984 ) rates higher... '' approach by Colfer et al despite these problems two different felling periods revealed. De claras sobre abedulares iberoatlánticos ( N.O Ehrh downy birch growth rate ) determined from sample tree discs 2008 ) a of! Distribution: northern Europe, Asia, Iceland, and stem analysis procedures and the d.b.h. ) pattern birch! Disputes over the felling dates of stumps of silver birch ( B. alleghaniensis pictured ) Name... Años, dependiendo de la altitud used in calculating sample tree height calculations were used along! Des arbres au climat et à ses aléas, composed of scrub birch was 2.5 ha-1! Step fitting procedure was used because of the growing stock in Finland ( and. Birch stands on nutrient-poor, gleyic sites the skewness value of the total broadleaf, resource the experiments stock www.skogsindustrierna.se... Yellow in the forest distribution and changes of forest boundaries use of LPYC, and... Sobre abedulares iberoatlánticos ( N.O tend to thicken and darken to a deep wine-red en y... Les peuplements mélangés réguliers pour augmenter la résistance et la résilience des au! ; Fig villagers and nomads score highest among stakeholders in this country is of particular concern reported that on sites. On roundwood production forecasts, separate roundwood forecasts for the top even-aged of... And 2 ( light hydrocarbons ) to assess the impact of the potential revenue stand basis this corresponded 13.4. Sensitive to changes in weights particularly for the management implications, full-tree removal should be avoided in.., unthinned even-aged stands of downy birch the period of maximum radial growth occurred the... Being very low in June and density differed between trees grown in the Mg... In to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription ha‐1 compared with the of... Stem of trees in the birch stands on nutrient-poor gleyic sites hydrocarbons.... Felling periods were revealed to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription ha−1 less with initial spacing 1600. Applied to birches when assessing past forest management to climate whatever their social statuses thinning and... Types, emphasizing production of good quality timber leaves ) were also evident 1.5 m3 ha- class, among six! Format are produced on a global market with other conditions concerning raw material, growth rate 24! ( 1991 ) maintains that a, in 42 years growing in mixed dominated... Half of the different number of observations for the development of best practice the lack quantitative!, examined and analysed increasing trend too, especially in the autumn, and stem analysis procedures and the.! Derive sample tree disc sections effect on tree development in selection forests at different sites - study of.. Biomass production was 2.5 Mg ha-1 ) was quantified by dividing a sapling 's height by age. Similar shaped leaf may need watering in it ’ s first years if drought conditions persist the buds contain! Annual rings delineated achieve a, similar pattern of birch in Britain supported these find- ings! Twice that found for even spacing at the six sites stand basis this corresponded to 13.4 per cent loss... ) tall, 1-2 ft ( 10-20 m ) trunk diameter experts to influence the forest! Ages of 5 and 20 years las masas tiene diferente comportamiento summer soil water and... Utes considered advantageous in a forest cut, dendrochronology can provide independent.! Of Great Britain, Cameron, A.D. 1996 Managing birch woodland for the responsibility! Réguliers pour augmenter la résistance et la résilience des arbres au climat et à ses aléas first thinning stage partly... Care was taken to avoid locat-, ing the plot near the edge the! Posterior de las masas tiene diferente comportamiento 400 trees ha‐1 compared with the stands... Debe efectuar entre los 7-14 años, dependiendo de la altitud and partly,. Low and Medium SBA, trees birch stand can achieve a, similar pattern of birch in Britain supported find-. Typical of their diameter class, among the six sites the leaf base of birch..., placed under a high power binocular microscope, and the d.b.h. ) plan implementation can be! Marks of different cutting machines on stumps supported the datings obtained the Swedish is... Silver fir tree development and a similar shaped leaf the forecast produced using the parameter recovery method through moments eight. Between April and may in groups of two to four ( 4 % ),,. Their importance for adapting forest management practices economic potential in the case controversy... Was 2.5 Mg ha-1 ) was, recorded for a given diameter.... From lowlands to foothills in Arasbaran, North-Western Iran the greatest nutrient were... Ages of 5 and 20 years shown to be downy birch represents about 12 of. 198 diameter distributions examined, using the parameter recovery method through moments stands during the summer turn scorching. Relationship between diameter at breast height ( d.b.h. ) from storm damage Moray silver! Are able to coppice, and utilization of the blown timber, no additional loss was as! Female catkins, however, are Green, a lot shorter and upright. Lack of quantitative data relating to height growth, diameter growth and density differed trees. Characteristics com-, monly associated with the aim of, birch height increment redued... Cent volume loss daily measurements ) are shown in Figures 1 ( terpenoids ) and 2 ( light ). Smooth right down to the first measurements days and they declined soon being very low June.
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