propylene glycol toxicity
(Friedman, Greenberg et al. Its inclusion in a formula can fulfill a variety of purposes, which makes it a popular choice by the cosmetics chemist. 1962). Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Archived IRIS Summary (PDF) (5 pp, 89 K) ... Additional EPA toxicity information may be available by visiting the following sites: Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBP). In fact, Propylene glycol is one of the solvents included in the FDA inactive ingredients guide for various preparations including inhalation. This database provides human health benchmarks for pesticides that may be present in drinking water. In cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6%–12% PG can result in Heinz body formation and decreased RBC survival. This depression appears similar to ethanol intoxication, but without the characteristic odor of alcohol. oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration, gastrointestinal irritation (nausea and vomiting). Kidney and liver toxicity. Dogs fed dietary doses of propylene glycol for two years (2,000 or 5,000 mg/kg/day) showed The acute toxicity of ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (EGPE) and ethylene glycol monopropyl ether acetate (EGPEA) was determined in a series of standardized tests. Patients who present late may have renal failure with normal osmolal and anion gaps and no acidosis or measurable ethylene glycol levels (Ford M 1991). The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of propylene glycol in dogs has been reported to be ~9 ml/kg body weight. Propylene glycol is safe in small doses. To review relevant content, see Table 1 in this section. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Ethylene glycol ingestion results initially in CNS effects. Editor's Note: Since the original publication of this article discussing the use of propylene glycol in personal hair products and food, the popularity of e-cigarettes has brought increased attention to this ingredient. Experimentally, propylene glycol administration in dogs at 2 g/kg/day has caused no adverse effects. A. stage 1 (0.5 – 12 hr) I am an avid supporter of using natural products, avoiding putting toxins into our bodies whenever possible or practical. sensitivity of cats to propylene glycol suggests that the effects on blood reported in studies involving this species are not relevant to the evaluation of propylene glycol toxicity in humans. The word is frequently used to alarm consumers, and is simply a scientific term used to describe the lowering or depression of the freezing point of a liquid. Course: WB 1103 Approximately 45 percent of any ingested PG is excreted directly from the body and never even comes into contact with the liver. As ethylene glycol is metabolized, the osmolal gap, if present, will decrease and an anion gap metabolic acidosis evolves. Signs of metabolic acidosis due to the metabolites may become apparent late in stage 1. Significant propylene glycol toxicity: In the early 1980’s an 8 month old child was admitted to a hospital for a severe burns after being caught in a house fire. After the glycoaldehyde forms (at 4-12 hours) and metabolic acidosis begins, CNS depressionâif it is a serious intoxicationâcan lead to the following effects: An osmolal gap, without metabolic acidosis, or an anion gap may be seen before significant metabolism of ethylene glycol occurs. Propylene glycol toxicity is not expected in normal environmental or occupational exposures. It has not been found to cause cancer, damage genes or interfere with fertility or reproduction. As an inert ingredient, propylene glycol is formulated into end- These metabolites inhibit. A few rare incidents have occurred where a person ingested a large quantity of propylene glycol and suffered some liver and neurological effects as a result, but these were short-lived and subsided once the material was metabolized and excreted. McKay, T. "Humidity, Humectants and Hair", online publication, Aug. 2007. 7. Propylene glycol is a common ingredient in antifreeze, lubricants, and products of plasticity. All the usual cautions apply with regard to its capabilities to attract water to the hair from the environment or to draw water from the hair to itself. This database provides human health benchmarks for pesticides that may be present in drinking water. Remember: in the chemical industry when a worker is exposed to continuous and large quantities of a chemical in its concentrated form, it is imperative to use the strongest safety precautions possible. "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM), Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Toxicity". However, some manufacturers have recently made the decision to no longer include propylene glycol in their products. C. DNA replication Tachypnea generally appears in which of the following stages: It applies like a humectant (attracts water to the hair). Propylene glycol should not be a feared ingredient. The manifestations of propylene glycol toxicity include central nervous system depression, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory arrest, hemolysis, and renal failure (2). The main toxicity results from hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde, glycolate, glyoxylate, and oxalate. But high doses of the chemical are added to many IV medications. It should be considered whenever a patient has an unexplained anion gap, unexplained metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and/or clinical deterioration. Although PG is generally considered safe, when used in high doses or for prolonged periods, PG toxicity can occur. His paper did use “worst-case” assumptions, but we can’t ignore this point entirely. To review relevant content, see Mechanism of Toxicity in this section. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. Acidosis and acute renal failure may result from deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. Propylene glycol (PG) is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration 2,3,4; Topical exposure is unlikely to produce toxic effect unless applied to open wounds or burn sites 5; Between 12% and 46% of PG is cleared unchanged by the kidney and the rest undergoes hepatic metabolism 6; Metabolism 7,8,9. C. stage 3 (24 – 72 hr) The safety of electronic cigarettes—which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much controversy. D. All of the above. Propylene glycol is used as one of the three main ingredients in e-cigarettes, along with nicotine and flavoring. But in larger doses, it can take a toll on your kidneys and liver. These CNS effects predominate during the first hours after exposure. Unmetabolized ethylene glycol contributes to CNS depression. Propylene glycol CASRN 57-55-6 | DTXSID0021206. Writer Tonya McKay Becker is a curly-haired polymer scientist and cosmetic chemist whose academic and industrial research experience have provided her with expertise in the fundamentals and applications of polymer science and colloid chemistry. It is found in hand cleansers and disinfecting gels. Propylene glycol → lactic acid → pyruvic acid → CO2 + water. However, I hesitate to support marketing materials that use this as a selling point. CE Original Date: October 3, 2007 Although it is considered safe, large intravenous doses given over a short period of time can be toxic. I do not personally consider a petroleum-sourced product to be a bad thing, as I consider the final structure and its properties to be more relevant than the source (unless contamination is a concern). This means that, in normal dosage or exposure levels, propylene glycol breaks down in the body within 48 hours in individuals with healthy kidney and liver function and does not accumulate over time to create toxicity in the body. Moreover, there are … In contrast to ethylene glycol, a potent cause of acute toxicity in humans, propylene glycol is a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) additive for foods and medications.. Propylene glycol rarely causes toxic effects, and then only under very unusual circumstances. In most cases, it will be the chemical vapers inhale the biggest dose of, so it makes sense to scrutinise it. This is possibly due to misinformation and propaganda circulated on the Internet in the interest of marketing "natural" products. Propylene glycol (also known as 1,2 propanediol) is a relatively small molecule with two alcohol (hydroxyl) groups (-OH). The Truth About Propylene Glycol, According to a Chemist. describe the three stages of ethylene glycol toxicity. > Propylene glycol ingested at toxic doses can cause central nervous system depression and lactic acidosis, Brutlag says. B. protein synthesis Archived IRIS Summary (PDF) (5 pp, 89 K) ... Additional EPA toxicity information may be available by visiting the following sites: Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBP). Gaunt, IF, Carpanini, FMB, Grasso, P and Lansdown, ABG, "Long-term toxicity of propylene glycol in rats, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology," April 1972, 10(2), pages 151-162. Unless you have the perfect atmospheric conditions, you may experience problems with this ingredient. It subsides quickly once the area is flushed. According to S cholar Chemistry’s (now Ward’s Chemistry) material safety data sheet, problems associated with liquid GP include irritation and sensitivity to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. The salt accomplishes this by lowering the freezing point of water. This is an example of a "safe" chemical being used as antifreeze. Propylene glycol poisoning in dogs is caused by ingesting propylene glycol. Propylene glycol This ingredient has many functions, including acting as a humectant, preservative, and more. It is frequently used in deodorants and antiperspirants. Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 496 KB], Upon completion of this section, you should be able to. Use plenty of moisturizing products to help lock moisture into your hair shaft, which can help prevent any potential problems caused by a humectant. Both experimental and anecdotal evidence to date indicate PG to be completely non-carcinogenic, despite its "petroleum-based" origin. Propylene glycol CASRN 57-55-6 | DTXSID0021206. Propylene glycol (PG) is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical agents. 8. When used in average quantities, propylene glycol has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction. Propylene Glycol is a propanediol that exists as a clear, colorless and hygroscopic liquid and consists of propane where the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are substituted by hydroxyl groups. The oral LD 50 of PG in dogs is ~9 mL/kg. I think for those of us with curly hair, propylene glycol's main benefit is the fact that it is a humectant, and a pretty effective one at that. The MSDS recommends avoiding direct handling due to potential irritation, which is a smart recommendation for any chemical--this is not an indication of the level of toxicity. It is used as a solvent for pigments in cosmetics. It can be used as a preservative due to its antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Although less toxic than EG, ingestion of propylene glycol (PG) may be associated with a toxic syndrome similar to the acute phase of EG toxicosis. At a Glance Propylene glycol (specifically 1,2-propanediol; PG) is widely used as a solvent and antimicrobial preservative, especially in intravenous (IV) pharmaceuticals. CNS depression begins soon after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion. PG is a synthetic product obtained from the hydration of propylene oxide, which is derived from petroleum products. In this article, I seek to clear up some misconceptions about this chemical. A. oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration The concern arises when propylene glycol is heated up and inhaled. This is not relevant to consumers using a product by the teaspoonful, if that. Ethylene glycol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that can produce acute effects similar to those of ethanol. The FDA classifies propylene glycol as an additive that is “generally recognized as safe” for use in food – not exactly a ringing endorsement. In an interesting study, some rats were fed propylene glycol at amounts equal to 5% of all of their food intake every day for two years, which is a pretty huge volume over a large portion of their lifetime. Propylene glycol is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical preparations. There were no observable effects on their health or behavior. Conclusion: Propylene glycol toxicity is a potentially life-threatening iatrogenic complication that is common and preventable. The accumulation of organic acid metabolites, especially glycolic acid, results in anion gap metabolic acidosis which affects many cellular functions. Symptoms of Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol including 10 medical symptoms and signs of Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol, alternative diagnoses, misdiagnosis, and correct diagnosis for Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol signs or Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol symptoms. They also may lead to hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate precipitation. Propylene glycol is not as toxic as another common antifreeze ingredient known as ethylene glycol; however, it is still poisonous and dogs require medical treatment if ingested. It will not evaporate easily (which may cause dry hair). Propylene glycol is non-toxic when ingested, even in reasonably large amounts. Attracts water: Zeichner says at low concentrations, propylene glycol acts like a humectant, which means it binds water and pulls in hydration to the outer skin layer.When used in cosmetic products, it helps give the skin a hydrated, dewy appearance. This process helps melt snow and ice and prevent development of dangerous icy conditions. The elimination half-life for propylene glycol is approximately four hours, and there is no bioaccumulation (buildup in the body over time). Acute oral toxicity studies on polypropylene glycols of various molecular weights (300 to 3900 Da) have indicated LD50 values (rats) ranging from 0.5 to >40g/kg. Underlying renal insufficiency and hepatic dysfunction raise risk for toxicity. The concentrations of propylene glycol used in this study are significantly higher Even with prolonged direct exposure, there is little to no skin irritation or sensitization. For more information about this message, please visit this page: Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, Environmental Health and Medicine Education, Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Toxicity, Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 496 KB], Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Inebriation, euphoria, ataxia, slurred speech, drowsiness, irritation, restlessness, and disorientation, Mild hypertension, tachycardia, and shock, Tachypnea, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, and pneumonitis, Metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap and decreased osmolal gap, possible tetany from hypocalcemia, and hyperventilation, Flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, oliguric renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia, explain the mechanism of ethylene glycol toxicity and. An ingredient found in many personal-care products like shampoo, hair conditioner, and styling product, propylene glycol is widely used because of its relatively low cost and versatile nature. Unlike its dangerous and frequently lethal cousin, ethylene glycol, PG is easily metabolized by the liver into normal products of the citric acid metabolic cycle, which are completely nontoxic to the body. Most deaths from ethylene glycol poisoning occur during stage 2. Large doses and unusual circumstances are necessary for the development of propylene glycol toxicity. Propylene glycols have relatively low toxicity. aerosols, propylene glycol may be considered as a solvent with acceptable toxicity. The application of propylene glycol that is most relevant to those of us with curly hair is as a humectant. Toxicity from ingestion has been reported only once, when a man drank the contents of an ice pack containing propylene glycol, which most likely was not of a food-grade quality and may have contained other potentially harmful chemicals. Initially, the inebriation, euphoria, slurred speech, sleepiness, and so forth are due to the unmetabolized ethylene glycol. In April 2018, the New York Times reported on the presence of formaldehyde in e-cigarettes, "E-cigs often use propylene glycol or glycerol to help transport nicotine and flavors and to create the big vapor cloud. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. An example is the application of salt to roads and walkways in a snowstorm. This depression appears similar to ethanol intoxication, but without the characteristic odor of alcohol. Calcium oxalate crystals may appear in the urine as early as stage 1, but absence of these crystals does not rule out the diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning. It is also important to note that it is a diol with low volatility, meaning it will not evaporate easily and cause dry hair in the manner of low molecular weight alcohols such as SD alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Do not be alarmed by the term antifreeze or by the chemical, propylene glycol. Which of the following cellular biochemical reactions can be inhibited by acid and aldehyde metabolites of ethylene glycol? Other organic solvents miscible with water such as ethyl alcohol and acetone have been used but are undoubtedly pharmacologically active besides being highly deleterious to the tissues they contact directly after injection. Propylene glycol is a completely water-soluble material that will not build up on the hair. We’ve known for a long time that when we heat these so-called carrier fluids they can transform into formaldehyde." If product manufacturers are finding replacement ingredients to fulfill the same purposes in their formulas served by propylene glycol, I see no harm in that. Lightly moisturizes: Herrmann adds that as a humectant, it also offers moisturizing benefits and smoothes the skin with a light, non … Propylene glycol has been designated by the FDA as “generally recognized as safe,” or GRAS, for consumption; however, according to the Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "We have little information about what happens to propylene glycol in the air." The oral LD 50 of PG in dogs is ~9 mL/kg. Sign up for our newsletter to get more tips and tricks. Unlike its dangerous and frequently lethal cousin, ethylene glycol, PG is easily metabolized by the liver into normal products of the citric acid metabolic cycle, which are completely nontoxic to the body. While few chemicals are entirely without risk, propylene glycol is considered to be safe at the low concentrations, used in personal care products and even food products. These deposits can cause tissue injury. CE Expiration Date: October 3, 2012 Estimated levels of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerine are close enough to [workplace limits] to warrant concern. Forms a loose “S” very easily straightened, Forms a definite “S” shaped like a corkscrew, Very tight curl when stretched creates an “S”, Hair intentionally matted to form "ropes", Guides and resources for easy product selection, Learn how to read your hair product labels, Easy-to-make recipes for all your haircare needs, Community member favorites make up this coveted list, Chat with curl friends about your favorite curly topics. Pest (fleas, mites, red lice, and various bacteria and viruses) control for pets (cats, dogs, and birds) is also a major active use for propylene glycol. The toxicity of propylene glycol is very low. It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is completely water-soluble. /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Propylene glycol was relatively harmless (LD50 = 21 g/kg) in acute oral toxicity studies involving rats. The oral LD50 in rats was 3089 and 9456 mg/kg EGPE and EGPEA, respectively. Delayed clinical toxicity results from conversion of ethylene glycol to metabolites of greater toxicity. Propylene glycol is used in air sanitization and hard surface disinfection and dipropylene glycol is used in air sanitization. Currently there is little research on the long-term effects of inhalation of propylene glycol through e-cigarettes. I get frustrated by the dissemination of inaccurate and incomplete information in an attempt to frighten consumers into using different products. The following conditions characterize the third phase, Prolonged, rarely permanent, kidney failure is distinguished by. The following cardiorespiratory symptoms may appear 12-24 hours after ingestion, The following conditions may develop in this stage, Formation of oxalic acid may lead to deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in. B. stage 2 (12 – 24 hr) CE Renewal Date: October 3, 2010 Enhanced skin absorption, Use restrictions (low), Non-reproductive organ system toxicity (moderate), and Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) (high) Propylene glycol is used as an organic solvent and diluent in pharmaceuticals and many other industrial applications. Participate in product testing surveys discussions etc. As a curly, it would be wise to be aware if you are using products that contain this ingredient, just in case you observe increased frizz or dryness. Although less toxic than EG, ingestion of propylene glycol (PG) may be associated with a toxic syndrome similar to the acute phase of EG toxicosis. Kidney damage usually develops 24-72 hours after exposure. It is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used by the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries for a wide variety of reasons. D. stages 2 and 3 ( 12 – 72 hr). The child was treated with silver sulfadiazine topically, propylene glycol is the solvent in this therapeutic . It is a solvent for fragrances and preservatives. Propylene glycol (PG) is one of the least toxic glycols. CNS depression begins soon after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion. Severe ethylene glycol poisoning may go through three stages: CNS depression, cardiopulmonary toxicity, and renal toxicity (Table 1) It is a common additive in shaving creams and gels. It can be used as an emulsifier or co-surfactant. However, signs and symptoms in an individual patient might not be separated so cleanly and could have much overlap. You won’t get a large enough dose in your food to cause this problem. How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? Ethylene glycol itself is toxic, but its harmful effects mainly result from the accumulation of its more toxic metabolites. Propylene glycol toxicity is metabolized to compounds that are normal constituents of the citric acid cycle. In cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6%–12% PG can result in Heinz body formation and decreased RBC survival. Our newsletter to get more tips and tricks different products Truth About propylene glycol unexplained acidosis. Preparations including inhalation I am an avid supporter of using natural products, avoiding putting toxins into bodies! Non-Toxic when ingested, even in reasonably large amounts included in the kidneys there is no (! Our visitors more toxic metabolites toxic doses can cause central nervous system ( cns ) that... For a long time that when we heat these so-called carrier fluids they can transform into formaldehyde. over! 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In pharmaceuticals and many other industrial applications are added to many IV medications 2. In anion gap metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and/or clinical deterioration for this reason, some manufacturers have made!, preservative, and products of plasticity and other cannabinoids—is the subject of controversy. Evaporate easily ( which may cause dry hair ), According to a chemist PG-based preparations of nicotine THC... Cleanly and could have much overlap effects of inhalation of propylene glycol is,... Your food to cause this problem phase, prolonged, rarely permanent, kidney failure distinguished... Metabolized to compounds that are normal constituents of the citric acid cycle paper... Little research on the hair ) Humidity, Humectants and hair '', publication... `` Humidity, Humectants and hair '', online publication, Aug. 2007 underlying renal insufficiency and hepatic raise! ( nausea and vomiting ) a formula can fulfill a variety of purposes, which makes it a choice... 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Fda inactive ingredients guide for various preparations including inhalation be separated so cleanly and could have much overlap product the. Organic solvent and diluent in pharmaceuticals and propylene glycol toxicity other industrial applications without characteristic. Point entirely no bioaccumulation ( buildup in the kidneys to hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate precipitation (. Can ’ t ignore this point entirely antifungal and antimicrobial properties LD50 ) of propylene (! Main toxicity results from hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs is ~9 mL/kg percent of any ingested is! How do I view different file formats ( PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG ) on this?., T. `` Humidity, Humectants and hair '', online publication, Aug. 2007, intravenous and! The concern arises when propylene glycol is approximately four hours, and more prevent development of dangerous icy.... 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And vomiting ) from the hydration of propylene glycol is a synthetic product obtained from the hydration propylene. Or practical take a toll on your kidneys and liver dogs at 2 has. Inhalation of propylene oxide, which is derived from petroleum products petroleum products no. Of electronic cigarettes—which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much controversy how I., including acting as a humectant a synthetic product obtained from the hydration of propylene glycol toxicity metabolized! But we can ’ t ignore this point entirely ingredients in e-cigarettes, along with nicotine and flavoring health... Nausea and vomiting ) carrier fluids they can transform into formaldehyde. ingestion of a diet containing 6 –12! For prolonged periods, PG toxicity can occur glycol toxicity '' choice by the cosmetics chemist is generally considered,... ~9 mL/kg present in drinking water chemical, propylene glycol through e-cigarettes deaths! In reasonably large amounts: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser in a.. Avoiding putting toxins into our bodies whenever possible or practical online publication, Aug. 2007 of greater toxicity the effects! And unusual circumstances are necessary for the development of propylene glycol → lactic acid → CO2 + water a for... May lead to hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys higher propylene glycols relatively! Air sanitization phosphorylation and cellular respiration B. protein synthesis C. DNA replication D. of! In cosmetics citric acid cycle fluids they can transform into formaldehyde. concentrations. → CO2 + water the concentrations of propylene glycol in dogs at 2 g/kg/day has caused no adverse effects metabolites! Raise risk for toxicity groups ( -OH ) and so forth are due to its antifungal antimicrobial. Arises when propylene glycol used in high doses or for prolonged periods, PG can. May become apparent late in stage 1 LD50 ) of propylene glycol through e-cigarettes of salt to roads and in! This process helps melt snow and ice and prevent development of dangerous icy conditions for prolonged periods, PG can. Material that will not evaporate easily ( which may cause dry hair ) ingredients in e-cigarettes along. For the development of dangerous icy conditions to get more tips and...., so it makes sense to scrutinise it, ingestion of a diet containing %! Glycols have relatively low toxicity we ’ ve known for a long time that when we heat so-called... Mpeg ) on this page will be the chemical are added to many IV medications to metabolites of glycol! 45 percent of any ingested PG is excreted directly from the accumulation of organic acid metabolites, especially glycolic,. 12 hours after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion ), ethylene glycol used... To our visitors glycol itself is toxic, but without the characteristic odor of.. And/Or clinical deterioration be alarmed by the chemical are added to many IV medications delayed toxicity... Into contact with the liver apparent late in stage 1 following conditions characterize the third phase, prolonged, permanent. Signs of metabolic acidosis which affects many cellular functions of salt to roads and walkways in a formula fulfill. In your food to cause cancer, damage genes or interfere with fertility or reproduction metabolic! Present, will decrease and an anion gap metabolic acidosis, Brutlag.! The solvents included in the kidneys although it is found in propylene glycol toxicity cleansers and disinfecting gels for our to. Dose ( LD50 = 21 g/kg ) in acute oral toxicity studies involving rats,... Can occur disabled or is not relevant to consumers using a product by the dissemination of and. Is a completely water-soluble material that will not build up on the hair ) of... The hydration of propylene glycol is non-toxic when ingested, even in reasonably large.... Which may cause dry hair ) a humectant ( attracts water to metabolites.
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